Re: 12ay7 to 12ax7
No damage, same family, same basis specifications.
The thing that really changes is gain level.
12AY7 have a gain factor of 60% while 12AX7 have a gain factor of 100%.
Expect following changes:
Less clean headroom (your preamp section will break up earlier).
Your amp will sound louder than before.
Different distortion grain (more crunchy than creamy).
Different overall sound, depending on which 12AX7 you throw there.
Anyway, be sure to stay away from 12AX7-WA (at least, modern production ones) and to throw there a high quality low microphonics tube.