When I bought my SL-X I used to always turn it on with standby for 60 seconds then on, and to turn it off with standby for 30-60 seconds then off, per conventional wisdom at the time. Then someone who worked in a well-known studio told me most of the damage to electroncis, amps and tubes happens in the initial power-up, so some studios leave their old tube gear running on standby all the time. I tried it. Within two weeks, the last position Marshall-branded Tesla EL-34M developed a crack in the glass and failed. I replaced the set with a matched Tesla EL-34 set. 2-3 weeks later same thing happened again. Replaced with another matched set of Tesla EL-34s. Happened again. Teslas were going out of production about that time. So I went back to my original scheme of 30-60 second standby then on, 30-60 second standby then off and I haven't had the '4th cracked glass' thing happen again, nor has the amp needed anything other than normal cap / dusty pot servicing since. I don't know that I can directly correlate the 'always on/standby' thing with blowing the 4th power tube, but it happened 3 times after switching to leaving it on and only stopped when I changed to turning the amp off again. YMMV.
Warm up on standby for 30 - 60 seconds as Beau said to let the tubes come up to working temperature. Usually just put it on standby, mostly so it is already in standby for when it's turned on again, then it's okay to just power down. Leaving it on standby for the power down cycle doesn't really do anything, the tubes aren't going to cool down until after the power is turned off, so it doesn't matter if it sets on standby before you turn power off.
I would think most amps can handle standby for as long as you'd take a break in between sets though. I never turn the amp completely off at a gig once it is on (until the end of the night).
You mean with with standby in the "play" position? It's not so much a voltage spike, but it hits the tube with the high B+ voltage before it is warmed up and it causes more wear on the tubes than letting them warm up first.
My tubes burnt up in studio use. Studio recording is much longer hours on the amp than a gig. Not actually play time, but the time it spends powered up.
I'm gonna throw out there that with what tubes cost you might do better saving your tube gear for gigs and recordings and use other stuff for practicing at home... then this really stops being an issue.
I like good tone. That's enough reason for me to use tubes for 80 % of my playing. Mostly, I only use other gear when I have to keep volumes down (one great thing living in the woods is not having neighbours in the shouting distance).
Pair of EL84's costs a whopping 30 €. I don't really see the point of saving them...
Edit: Plus, practicing with tube amp makes you a better player, as you can, and need, to focus on the dynamics more.