Re: School me on how a tube amp works
I'll take a shot at explaining in VERY basic English what's going on.
Your guitar puts in a signal, let's say a sine wave. Even for one note, there's more going in than this, but it's good enough for the explanation. That sine wave has a very small amplitude, and a very small amount of energy. The whole point of the amplifier is to add a whole lot of energy to the amplitude of the signal while keeping it the same shape (until you start talking about distortion).
The tubes are amplification devices. They take an input signal and amplify it, but each stage has a limit to how much it can amplify. That's why we see multiple tubes. Each 12AX7 has two gain stages, and (if I remember right) each one can put out about 100 times the voltage it takes in. Once you amplify it through several stages, it's just about ready to go to the power stage. Typically, this is the point where the signal gets shaped by your tone controls.
The power stage is a bit more difficult, and the way it works depends on whether it's class A or class AB. You'll see a phase inverter in class AB power amps, and I don't remember the intricacies of class A. Clearly, this is a vast oversimplification, but it might give you the basic idea.
When you see more tubes, you may be looking at more gain stages, a tube-buffered reverb, an effects loop, or something else. Also, as you push one of the tubes to distortion, you typically pass this distortion on to further tubes of the same type, and that's what people call cascading gain stages.
Of course, there's more to it than that, especially regarding gain and frequency response, but most tube amps do this same basic signal processing.